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8.am¸nf¸m«v

]Tn¡phm³thÙn DkvXmZnsâ kao]t¯¡v B kmÀ°hmlIkwLt¯msSm¸w ]pds¸Sp t¼mÄ B _me\v D½ Hcp]tZiw sImSp¯p. ""Hcn¡epw Ifhv ]dbcpXv.'' acp`qa[y¯nÂsh¨v sImÅ¡mÀ B kwLs¯ hfªp]nSn¨p. sImůeh³ kwL¯n Hmtcmcp¯tcmSpw tNmZn¨p. ""I¿nse´pÙv?'' FÃmhcpw \nehnfn¨p; I¿nsem¶pansöv Ifhv ]dªp. D½bpsS D]tZiw HmÀabmbXn\m B _me³ bmsXmcp IqkepanÃmsX Xsâ Ip¸mb¡oibv¡v ]n¶n Xp¶n¸nSn¸n¨ s]m³\mWb§fpsÙ¶ kXyw Xpd¶p]dªp. B kXykÔXbv¡p ap¼n \mWwsI«v \n¶pt]mb sImůeh\v a\wamäapÙmbn. kXykÔ\mb B _me\mWv ]n¡me¯v ]WvUnX\pw {KÙImc\pamb tIfntI« ssiJv aplvbn±o³ A_vZpÂJmZÀ Poem\n..

ta¸dª IY \½psS \m«nse Hcp Ihn efnXaebmf¯n At§bäw Npcp¡n hnhcn¨Xv C§s\bmWv: ""Ifhv ]dbà F¶p½ sNm¶msc IÅsâ I¿nte s]m¶v sImSpt¯mhÀ.''.

tImgnt¡m«pImc\mb IhnbpsS t]cv Jmkn apl½Zv aplybn±o³. ssiJnsâ PohnXIYIfpw AÛpXhr¯m¯§fpw Nn{XoIcn¨ Cu Imhy¯nsâ t]cv "aplvbp±o³ame.' AXnte Hmtcm CucSnbpw C¯cw Hmtcm IYmkqN\bmWv. Imhy¯nsâ cN\mhÀjw: AD1607.

\½psS kmlnXyNcn{Xs¯ kw_Ôn¨v {it²bamb Hcp IrXnbmWv Cu ame¸m«v. ImcWw, IÙpIn«nbXnte¡psh¨v Gähpw ]gb am¸nf¸m«pIrXnbmWnXv. hmsamgn]mc¼cy¯ntâXmb asämcp [mc IqSnbpÅ am¸nf¸m«nsâ \mep \qämÙv ]g¡apÅ hcsamgn Ncn{Xw "aplvbp±o³ame'tbmSp IqSn Bcw`n¡p¶p..

F´mWv am¸nf¸m«v? tIcf¯nepw Ad_n¡Sense e£Zzo]pkaql§fnepw A[nhkn¨phcp¶ apÉowIfpsS Km\ kmlnXo]mc¼cyamWXv þ B kaql¯nsâ kmwkvImcnImhnjvImc§fn Gähpw {][m\ s¸«Xv. apÉnwIsf "am¸nfamÀ' F¶p hnfn¨ph¶ncp¶Xn\m AhcpsS ]m«v F¶ XmXv]cy ¯nemWv Cu t]cv \S¸mbXv. AXnsâ thcpIÄ tIcf¯nse \mS³]m«nsâ a®n¯s¶bmWv. \mS³ CuW¯n\pw Xmf¯n\pw H¸w apÉowIfpsS aXhnizmkmNmc§fpsS {]`htI{µamb Atd_ybnse CuWhpw Xmfhpw AXn CSIecp¶pÙv Fs¶mcp hntijap-v. kwKoX¯nsâ Cu an{iWw sImÙv "CiÂ' F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ am¸nf¸m«nsâ Km\mem]\coXn¡v IqSpX lrZblmcnXbpw NSpeXbpw ssIh¶ncn¡p¶p.

CiepIÄ \qdpIW¡n\pÙv, sXm¦Â, sIm¼v, I¸¸m«v, H¸\ NmbÂ, H¸\ apdp¡w,hncp¯w XpS§nb t]cpIfn Ah Adnbs¸Sp¶p. \½psS \mS³]m«p]mc¼cy§fn ]eXnepw, hS¡³]m«n ImWpw t]mse, Htc CuW¯nsâ GIXm\X ]pecpt¼mÄ am¸nf¸m«pimJ CuWsshNn{Xy§fm k¼¶amWv..

kwKoX¯nsâbpw kmlnXy¯nsâbpw ka\zbamWv am¸nf¸m«v. CXn kwKoX¯n\mWv ap³Xq¡w. AXpsImÙpXs¶ ChnsS {]mkhpw i_vZme¦mc§fpw hfsc {][m\amWv. C¯cw Nn«IÄ, hcnIÄ HmÀabn \n¡phm³ klmbn¡p¶ \mS³]m«pIfpsS k{¼Zmb¯nsâ Ahtijamhmw. aebmf¯nse ]gb kmlnXyk¼¯ntebv¡v Xncnªpt\m¡pt¼mÄ 30 I®nÂs¸Sp¶ "]m«p{]Øm\'¯nsebpw aWn{]hmf¯nsebpw IrXnIfn Bem]\¯n\v a[pcw ]Icp¶ {]mkhpw Xmfhpw apän \n¡p¶Xp ImWmw.

]m«p{]Øm\¯nse "cmaNcnX'¯nepw aäpw ImWp¶ {]mkhyhØIfmWv am¸nf¸m«nepw ImWp¶Xv. "]m«n' tam\, GXpI, A´mZn F¶ot]cpIfn Adnbs¸Sp¶ Nn«IfmWv am¸nf¸m«n bYm{Iaw I¼n, Igp¯v, hmep½Â¡¼n F¶o t]cpIfn Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. am¸nf¸m«nse hm¡¼n F¶ {]mkhyhØ Ad_nImhy§fnse A´y£c{]mkamWv.

kwkvIrX]Z§fpw hn`àn{]Xyb§fpw aebmfhpambn CSIeÀ¯n D]tbmKn¡p¶ aWn{]hmfImhy§fnse `mjbv¡v kam´camsbmcp an{iWw am¸nf¸m«pIrXnIfn ImWmw þ ChnsS kwkvIrX¯nsâ Øm\w Ad_n`mjbv¡msW¶ hyXymktabpÅp. Iq«¯n lnµpØm\n, ]mÀkn, Xangv, I¶U XpS§nb `mjIfnse ]Z§fpw [mcmfw. Bem]\¯n\v C¼w In«psa¦n GXv `mjbn \n¶v GXp ]Zw ISsaSp¡phm\pw GXp ]Zw F§s\ tImew adn¡phm\pw am¸nf¸ms«gp¯pImÀ¡v Hcp aSnbpanÃ. AhÀ AÀ°w sImsÙ¶Xne[nIw i_vZwsImÙmWv `mhhpw A´co£hpw krjvSn¡p¶Xv.

i_vZme¦mc§fpw AÀYme¦mc§fpw D]tbmKn¡pt¼mÄ kwkvIrX¯nsebpw Xangnsebpw Imhy]mc¼cy§sfbmWv am¸nf¸m«pIrXnIÄ ]n´pScp¶Xv. CSbv¡v C¡mcy¯n\v Ad_n Imhy]mc¼cy¯nte¡pw Xncnbpw.

Cu k¦ckz`mhw am¸nf¸m«v FgpXphm³ D]tbmKn¨ncp¶ en]n¡pw ImWmw. aebmf¯nse A£c§Ä Ipdn¡phm³ DXIpwhn[w Ad_nen]nIÄ¡v Nne ]cnjvIcW§Ä hcp¯nbXpw "Ad_n aebmfw' F¶ t]cv ]dbp¶Xpw Bb en]nbnemWv am¸nf¸m«pIÄ FgpXnt¸m¶ncp¶Xv. Cu en]nbn tcJs¸«pInS¡p¶ Ad_nþaebmfkmlnXyw KZy]ZyIrXnIÄsImÙv k¼¶amWv. B kmlnXy¯nse ]Zyhn`mKamWv am¸nf¸m«pIÄ.

FÃm \nebv¡pw am¸nf¸m«n Hcp kam´caWn{]hmfw ]pecp¶pÙv. am¸nf¸m«v Hcp kaql¯nsâ HgnhpthfbpsS hnt\mZw am{XaÃ. B P\XbpsS \nXyPohnX¯nse `n¶ kmlNcy§fpambn ]e Xe¯n CSs]Sp¶ kmwkvImcnIcq]w IqSnbmWv. IYIfpw hnizmkmZÀi§fpw Ncn{Xhpw A\´cXeapdIÄ¡v ]IÀ¶p sImSp¡phm\pÅ apÉnwIfpsS Iemam[yaw ]m«pIfmbncp¶p.

sXc¸w Ip¯pt¼mgpw tXmWn Xpgbpt¼mgpw ImfhÙn sXfn¡pt¼mgpw Hs¡ am¸nfamÀ ]mSnbncp¶p - þ B AÀ°¯n Cu ]m«pIÄ Nnet¸mÄ "the¸m«pIÄ' IqSnbmbn¯ocp¶p. {]IrXn\mi§fpw \S¸pZo\§fpw hnhn[ kmlNcy§fnepÅ DXvIWvTIfpw ZqcoIcn¡p ¶Xn\pÅ A\pjvTm\§fnepw ]Ùv ]m«v {][m\ambncp¶p. Z^v^vap«v, Adhm\ap«v, No\nap«v, tIm¡fn XpS§nb am¸nf¡eIfn ]m«v apJymwiaÃm¯ Hsc®w t]mepw CÃ.

apÉowIfpsS IeymW¨S§pIfn {][m\w ]m«mbncp¶p. H¯pIqSnbhsc ckn¸n¡phm³thÙn KmbIkwL§Ä ]mSp¶ IeymW]m«pIÄ Hcp hI; aWhmfs\bpw aWhm«nsbbpw Ifnbm¡n s¡mÙv Iq«pImÀ ssIap«n¸mSp¶ H¸\¸m«pIÄ asämcp hI þ kÀh{X ]m«pabw.

am¸nfamÀ F¶pw ]m«pÅ Iq«ambncp¶p. kn²·mcpw càkm£nIfpamb hnip²·msc {]IoÀ¯n¡p¶ ame¸m«pIÄ, bp²NcnX§Ä hnhcn¡p¶ ]S¸m«pIÄ, [mÀanI\nÀtZi§Ä AS§nb DdpZoIÄ, kvXpXn{][m\§fmb hncp¯§Ä, Iev]nXIYIfpw hnip²NcnXIfpw AS§p¶ InÊIÄ, t{]as¯bpw hocs¯bpw ASnØm\am¡nbpÅ sIÊpIÄ, I¯v ]m«nem ¡pt¼mÄ P\n¡p¶ I¯p]m«pIÄ, h[phc·msc sImÙmSp¶ H¸\¸m«pIÄ, IeymWmtLmjw hÀWn¡p¶ IeymW¸m«pIÄ XpS§n ]e Ahm´chn`mK§fpw am¸nf¸m«n\pÙv. aXhnizmk hpambn _Ôs¸« hnjb§sft¸mse¯s¶ {]mtZinIkmaqlnIPohnXhpambn _Ôs¸« At\Iw hnjb§Ä ta¸dª hnhn[imJIfn {]tabambn¯oÀ¶n«pÙv.

am¸nf¸m«pcNbvXm¡fn Gähpw {]apJ³ tambn³Ip«nsshZycmWv. C¶s¯ ae¸pdw PnÃbnse sImtÙm«nbn 1852  P\n¨ IhnbpsS apJyIrXnIÄ _ZdpÂap\oÀþlpkv\qÂPamÂ, _ZÀ ]S¸m«v, DlZv ]S¸m«v, ae¸pdw ]S¸m«v F¶nhbmWv. kwKoX¯n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶ k¦c `mjbmWv Cu IrXnIfnseÃmw ImWp¶Xv. 1892  sshZyÀ \ncymX\mbn.

tIcf¯nse ]e Km\imJIfpw Ncn{X¯nsâ `mKambn¡gnªp. ]pXnb hS¡³]m«pIÄ DÙmhp¶nÃtÃm. F¶m Cu Km\imJbpsS [mc C¶pw kPohamWv. C¡me¯pw ]pXnb am¸nf¸m«pIÄ cNn¡s¸Sp¶pÙv þ IeymW¯n\v ]mSm³ thÙnbpw kaImenI kmaqlnI cmjv{Sob {]iv\§tfmSv {]XnIcn¡m³ thÙnbpw kn\na, \mSIw, tdUntbm, sSenhnj³, sd¡mÀUv , Imskäv , tÌPv]cn]mSn XpS§nbhbpsS Bhiy¯n\pthÙnbpw FgpXs¸Sp¶ F®aä ]m«pIÄ DZmlcWw. Ahbnse `mj C¶s¯ aebmfamWv. A§n§v Ad_nhm¡pIÄ ImWmsa¶p am{Xw.

am¸nf¸m«v C¶v Hcp kapZmb¯nsâ am{Xw Iem\p`haÃ. B {]tXyIkapZmb¯n P\n¨p hfÀ¶hÀ am{Xaà AXv cNn¡p¶Xpw ]mSp¶Xpw BkzmZn¡p¶Xpw. "am¸nf¸m«v' F¶ t]cv B Km\kmlnXo ]mc¼cy¯nsâ Dev]¯nNcn{Xw Ipdn¡p¶ kqNIw am{XamWn¶v. AXnsâ kwKoXw tIcfob kwKoX¯nsâbpw AXnsâ kmlnXyw aebmf kmlnXy¯nsâbpw Ahn`mPy`mKambn amdn¡gnªncn¡p¶p.

Fw.F³. ImctÈcn.