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Introduction
Introduction
Passage by OV
Passage
Contd...
Passage on Kerala History
Passage
 
Conjunctions
Noun
Verb & Tense
Applications of verb
Adjective
Adverb
Sentence
 

tIcfNcn{Xw

{InkvXphÀj¯nsâ BZys¯ A©p \qämÙpIÄ tIcfNcn{Xw cq]s¸«pXpS§p¶ ImeL«amWv. Xangv kmlnXy¯n kp{]kn²amb kwLImeamWXv. A¶v hnimeamb XangI¯nsâ Hê `mKambnêì tIcfw.

thWmSv, æ«\mSv, æS\mSv, ]qgn\mSv, IÀ¡m\mSv F¶n§s\ A¶s¯ tIcfw A©p \mSpIfmbn hn`Pn¡s¸«nêì. ChbpsS AXnÀ¯nIsfçdn¨p IrXyambdnbm³ \nhr¯nbnÃ. F¦nepw kaImenI Xangv IrXnIfn ZnMvam{Xamb Nne kqN\Ifp-.

C¶s¯ Xnêh\´]pcw PnÃbpw sImÃw PnÃbpsS GXmëw `mKhpw tNÀ¶Xmbnêì thWmSv. thÄ\mSmWv thWmSmbXv. thÄ F¶m {]`p F¶À°w. thWmSnë hS¡v C¶s¯ FdWmæfwþtIm«bwþBe¸pg PnÃIfpw sImÃw PnÃbnse Nne {]tZi§fpw tNÀ¶Xmbnêì æ«\mSv. Pemib§fpsS \mSmbXpsImÙmhWw Cu t]êÙmbXv. AXnë hS¡mbnêì æS\mSv. XriqÀþ]me¡mSv PnÃIfpw tImgnt¡mSv PnÃbpsS Hê `mKhpw æS\m«n s]«nêì. æS\mSnë ]Snªmtd \mSv F¶À°w IÂ]n¡mw.

sIm§p\mSnsâ ]SnªmdpÅ cmPyw F¶ \nebnembncn¡Ww Cu t]cnsâ DÂ]¯n. Gähpw hS¡v ]qgn\mSmbnêì. NXp¸vØe§Ä [mcmfapÅ \mSmbnê¶ncn¡mw CXv. I®qÀ PnÃbpsS XoctZi§fpw tImgnt¡mSv PnÃbpsS GXmëw Awihpw CXnÂs¸«nêì. ]qgn\mSnë Ing¡v hb\mSv, KqUepÀ XpS§nb ]ÀÆX{]tZi§Ä tNÀ¶mbnêì IÀ¡m\mSv. IÀ¡m\mSv F¶ t]cn\q ZpÀ¤aamb cmPyw F¶mWÀ°w. thWmSv, IÀ¡m\mSv F¶o t]êIÄ kwLIme¯në tijw \nehn h¶hbmWv.

{][m\ambpw aqì cm{ãobiànIfmWv kwLIme¯nsâ BZyZibn tIcfw `cn¨nê¶Xv. sX¡³{]tZi§Ä BbvcmPm¡·mêw, hSçÅ tZi§Ä GgnaecmPm¡·mêw `cn¨phì. ChínSbnepÅ \mSmbnêì tNccmPm¡·mêsS B[n]Xy¯nenê¶Xv.

Free-standing new words: (kzX{´ambn \nÂæ¶ ]pXnb hmçIÄ)

No Word Meaning
1 Xangv Tamil
2 A¶v then
3 tIcfw Kerala
4 A¶s¯ then
5 sImÃw kollam
6 GXmëw few
7 thÄ lord
8 {]`p Lord
9 hS¡v North
10 C¶s¯ today's
11 Xnêh\´]pcw Thiruvananthapuram
12 FdWmæfw Ernakulam
13 tIm«bw kottayam
14 Be¸pg Allapuzha
15 Nne few
16 æ«\mSv kuttanad
17 Cu this
18 æS\mS kudanad
19 XriqÀ Thrissur
20 ]me¡mSv Palakkad
21 tImgnt¡mSv Kozhikode
22 \mS country
23 cmPyw country
24 F¶ thus
25 DÂ]¯n genesis
26 Gähpw maximum
27 I®qÀ kannur
28 Ing¡v east
29 hb\mSv vayanad
30 KqUepÀ Gudalur
31 thWmSv Venadu
32 IÀ¡m\mSv Karkanad
33 F¦nepw still
34 kaImenI contemporary
35 XpS§nb et cetera
36 \nehn at present


Combining Words:(]Zk¦e\w)

In the following table, the formations of all the combined words used in the above passage are shown

No. Word Meaning Formation

1

{InkvXphÀj¯nsâ

of AD

{InkvXp+hÀjw+sâ

2

BZys¯

first

BZyw+F

3

\qämÙpIÄ

centuries

\qdv+BÙv+IÄ.

4

tIcfNcn{Xw

kerala history

tIcfw+Ncn{Xw.

5

cq]s¸«pXpS§p¶

beginning to form

cq]w+s]«v+XpS§pI+F¶

6

ImeL«amW

is an era

Imew+L«w+BW

7

kmlnXy¯nÂ

in literature

kmlnXyw+CÂ

8

kp{]kn²ambÙ

famous

kp+{]kn²w+Bb

9

kwLImeamWXv

era of Samgham

kwLw+Imew+BWv+AXv

10

hnimeamb

wide

hnimew+Bb

11

XangI¯nsâ

of Tamilnadu

Xangv+AIw+sâ

12

`mKambnêì

was a part

`mKw+Bbnêì

13

F¶n§s\

like this

F¶v+C§s\.

14

\mSpIfmbn

as countries

\mSpIÄ+Bbn

15

hn`Pn¡s¸«nêì

remained divided

hn`Pn¡s¸«p+Cêì

16

ChbpsS

of these

Ch+DsS

17

AXnÀ¯nIsfçdn¨p

about borders

AXnÀ¯n+IÄ+F+ædn¨p

18

IrXyambdnbm³

to know precisely

IrXyw+Bbn+Adnbm³

19

\nhr¯nbnÃ

not possible

\nhr¯n+CÃ

20

IrXnIfnÂ

in books

IrXn+IÄ+CÂ

21

ZnMvam{Xamb

only a little

Zn Ivv+am{Xw+Bb

22

kqN\IfpÙv

(there) are indications

kqN\+IÄ+DÙv.

23

PnÃbpw

and district

PnÃ+Dw.

24

PnÃbpsS

of district

PnÃ+DsS

25

`mKhpw

part too

`mKw+Dw.

26

tNÀ¶Xmbnêì

was together

tNÀì+AXv+Bbn+Cêì.

27

thÄ\mSmWv

Lord's country

thÄ+\mSv+BWv.

28

thWmSmbX

became venadu

thWmSv+BbX.

29

F¶À°w

(it) means that

F¶v+AÀ°w.

30

PnÃIfpw

districts too

PnÃ+IÄ+Dw.

31

PnÃbnse

in the district

PnÃ+CÂ+F.

32

{]tZi§fpw

places too

{]tZiw+IÄ+Dw.

33

Pemib§fpsS

of lakes

Pemibw+IÄ+DsS.

34

\mSmbXpsImÙmhWw

as (it) is country

\mSv+BbXv+sImÙv+BIWw

35

t]êÙmbX

named

t]cv+DÙmb+AX

36

hS¡mbnêì

it was north

hS¡v+Bbn+Cêì

37

æS\m«nÂ

in kudanad

æS\mSv+CÂ

38

s]«nêì

included

s]«v+Cêì

39

æS\mSnë

for kudanad

æS\mSv+\v

40

]Snªmtd

at west

]Snªmdv+G.

41

IÂ]n¡mw

can be assumed

IÂ]nçI+Bw

42

sIm§p\mSnsâ

of kongunad

sIm§p\mSv+sâ

43

]SnªmdpÅ

in the west

]Snªmdv+DÅ

44

\nebnembncn¡Ww

in the status

\ne+CÂ+Bbn+Ccn¡Ww

45

t]cnsâ

of name

t]cv+sâ

46

]qgn\mSmbnêì

it was Poozhinad

]qgn\mSv+Bbn+Cêì

47

NXp¸vØe§Ä

marshy places

NXp¸v+Øew+IÄ.

48

[mcmfapÅ

lot of

[mcmfw+DÅ

49

\mSmbnê¶ncn¡mw

could be the place

\mSv+Bbn+Cêì+Ccn¡mw.

50

XoctZi§fpw

coastal areas too

Xocw+tZiw+IÄ+Dw

51

]Awihpw

part too

Awiw+Dw

52

CXnÂs¸«nêì

included in this

CXv+CÂ+s]«v=Cêì

53

]qgn\mSnë

for Poozhinad

]qgn\mSv+\v

54

]ÀÆX{]tZi§Ä

mountaneous area

]ÀÆXw+{]tZiw+IÄ

55

tNÀ¶mbnêì

was together

]tNÀì+Bbn+Cêì

56

ZpÀ¤aamb

difficult to move

ZpÀ+Kaw+Bb

57

F¶mWÀ°w

it means

F¶v+BWv+AÀ°w.

58

F¶o

such as

F¶v+Cu

59

kwLIme¯nëtijw

after the era of Samgham

kwLw+Imew+\v + tijw

60

h¶hbmW

those came

h¶+Ah+BWv

61

{][m\ambpw

importantly

{][m\w+Bb+Dw.

62

cm{ãobiànIfmW

are political powers

cm{ãobw+iàn+IÄ+BW

63

kwLIme¯nsâ

of the era of Samgham

kwLw+Imew+sâ

64

BZyZibnÂ

in the first period

BZy+Zi+CÂ

65

`cn¨nê¶X

those who were ruling

`cn¨v+Cê¶+AXv

66

sX¡³{]tZi§Ä

southern areas

sX¡³+{]tZiw+IÄ.

67

BbvcmPm¡·mêw

Aayi kings too

Bbn+cmPmhv+amÀ+Dw

68

hSçÅ

in the west

hS¡v+DÅ.

69

tZi§Ä

places

tZiw+IÄ

70

GgnaecmPm¡·mêw

Ezhimala Kings

Ggnae+cmPmhv+amÀ+Dw.

71

`cn¨phì

continued to rule

`cn¨v +hì.

72

ChínSbnepÅ

amongst them

Ch+ ¡v+CS+CÂ+DÅ.

73

\mSmbnêì

was (the) country

\mSv+Bbn+Cêì

74

tNccmPm¡·mêsS

of Chera

tNc+cmPm¡·mÀ+DsS

75

B[n]Xy¯nenê¶X

were under the control

B[n]Xyw+CÂ+Cê¶+AXv.


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